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besson mandara@•Ę‘¸™Ö䶗…
KEY WORD :@art history / iconography
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A variety of mandala *mandara ™Ö䶗…, of a relatively small scale and centered on one particular deity, besson •Ę‘¸; it is contrasted with the toe mandara “s‰ď™Ö䶗… or tobu mandara “s•”™Ö䶗…, which depicts deities from all 'divisions' or 'families', bu •”, and the bue mandara •”‰ď™Ö䶗… or betsubu mandara •Ę•”™Ö䶗…, which depicts deities belonging to a single family. Varieties of toe mandara other than the *Ryoukai mandara —źŠE™Ö䶗… include the fushuu mandara •W‰ď™Ö䶗… described in the DARANI JIKKYOU ‘É—…“ňWŒo (Taishou No. 901) and the koudaigedatsu dai mandara L‘ĺ‰đ’E‘ĺ™Ö䶗… described in the FUKUUKENJAKU JINPEN SHINGONKYOU •s‹ó㮍ő_•Ď^ŒžŒo (Taishou No. 1092), and the bue mandara also exists on a theoretical level; however, because there are few actual examples of these types of mandara, all mandara other than the Ryoukai mandara may, artistically speaking, be regarded as varieties of besson mandara. Besson mandara are classified according to the central deity into the Buddha family, butsubu •§•”; Buddha-crown family *Butchou •§’¸; sutra-rite division, kyouboubu Œo–@•”; Kannon family *Kannon ŠĎ‰š; bodhisattva family *bosatsu •ěŽF; myouou family *myouou –ž‰¤; and family of gods and others *ten “V. A typical besson mandara of the Buddha family is the *Butsugen mandara •§Šá™Ö䶗…; typical examples of the Buddha-crown family is the *Ichiji-kinrin mandara ˆęŽš‹ŕ—Ö™Ö䶗… and *Sonshou mandara ‘¸Ÿ™Ö䶗…; typical examples of the sutra-rite division is the *Hokke mandara –@‰Ř™Ö䶗…, Ninnougyou mandara m‰¤Œo™Ö䶗…, and *shouugyou mandara ż‰JŒo™Ö䶗…; a typical example of the Kannon family is the Nyoirin mandara ”@ˆÓ—Ö™Ö䶗…; typical examples of the bodhisattva family are the Miroku mandara –íčәÖ䶗… and Hachiji monju mandara ”ŞŽš•śŽę™Ö䶗…; typical examples of the myouou family are the *Aizen mandara ˆ¤ő™Ö䶗… and *Anchin mandara ˆŔ’Á™Ö䶗…; and typical examples of the family of gods, etc are the *Enmaten mandara ‰‹–‚“V™Ö䶗… and *Kichijouten mandara ‹gË“V™Ö䶗…. The *hoshi mandara Ż™Ö䶗…, which originated in the worship of heavenly bodies, is generally classified as belonging to the family of gods, etc., but because it was often used in rites for averting natural disasters, it sometimes constitutes a separate division called the constellatory division *seishuku Żh. In Japan, many besson mandara were produced during the Heian period in conjunction with the upsurge in popularity of esoteric rites dedicated to particular deities, bessonhou •Ę‘¸–@, and among the extant examples those that have been designated important cultural properties alone number more than 50. Whereas there is a strong tendency in the case of the Ryoukai mandara to adhere to the traditional iconography of India and China, the besson mandara strongly reflect elements deriving from popular cults, as well as the originality of the monks who conceived of them, even though they are based on scriptures and ritual manuals originating in India and China. They may be regarded as constituting a genre of art in Esoteric Buddhism mikkyou –§‹ł that underwent unique developments in Japan.
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