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joudo hensou@ςyΟ | ||||||
KEY WORD :@art history / iconography | ||||||
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Abbreviation of joudo hensou-zu ςyΟ}. Also
known as joudo mandara ςyΦδΆ
. Pictorial representations, often schematically
arranged *hensou Ο, of
Buddhist Pure Lands or paradises, joudo ςy. Strictly speaking, a joudo
hensou is a figural representation of the Pure Land of one of the various
Mahayana Buddhist deities, which include the Buddhas *Yakushiςt, *Shaka ίή, and *Miroku
νθΣ, along with bodhisattvas :*bosatsu
μF such as *Kannon ΟΉ. The earliest,
most popular and longest tradition is the depiction of * Amida
’νΙ. Indeed, the term joudo hensou is often taken to indicate a depiction
of Amida's paradise gokuraku Ιy (Sk: Sukhavati); also known as the
Western Paradise saihou joudo Όϋςy although this is more properly called
*Amida joudo hensou ’νΙςyΟ.
The different forms of Amida depictions include: paintings on hanging scrolls,
screens, and walls; low relief in bronze and clay; and embroidered versions. The
term joudo ςy (Ch: qingtu) is derived from Chinese translations of
the sutras, and not from any single Sanskrit term. It signifies the idealized
paradisiacal realm where any one of the multitude of Mahayana Buddhas, or bodhisattvas
destined to become Buddhas, resides. Descriptions of these pure lands are found
in various sutras; figural representations may be based on these texts or on visions
and dreams. Although many variations exist, a typical Amida joudo hensou
depicts the Buddha Amida in the center preaching, flanked on either side by
attendant bodhisattvas. The triad is surrounded by a heavenly group of bodhisattvas.
In the foreground, several reborn bodhisattvas are shown seated on lotuses in
a jeweled pond. In the background stands a splendid palace with jeweled towers.
Accordingly, hensou Ο (Ch: bianxiang), or just hen Ο (Ch: bian), refers to illusionary manifestations or representation of Buddha figures and their
realms. The term hensou is also associated in China and later in Japan
with performances by preachers or storytellers and therefore the illustrations
typically have narrative content. The oldest extant Chinese joudo hensou are
dated to the late 6c. From the 7c there are numerous depictions of Amida's Pure
Land and some representations in the paradises of other Buddhas, including wall
paintings of the Dunhuang (Jp: Tonkou Φΰ caves; late 6c/7c-10c). In Japan, evidence
of joudo hensou dates back to 7c. There are many well-known examples that
date from 8c when Japan was under the influence of continental Tang culture. They
include: wall paintings of Four Buddhas *shibutsu
l§ and Paradises, in Houryuuji *Kondou @²ΰ°, scorched
in 1949; The Lotus Cosmos of Roshana *Rushanabutsu αΈΙί§, or rengezou sekai @Ψ ’E (Kegonkyou hensou Ψ΅oΟ), carved on the lotus petal throne of the Great Buddha
*Daibutsu ε§ of Toudaiji ε; Vulture Peak ryouzen joudo μRςy of Shaka *Hokekyou
hensou @ΨoΟ from Toudaiji *Hokkedou @Ψ° ; and the woven *Taima
mandara ΦδΆ
in Taimadera , Nara (8c), that may have been imported from
China. In the 8c literary sources indicate the production of other joudo
hensou as well, but from around the 10c (the latter Heian period) the popularity
of Amidist beliefs led to the dominance of Amida joudo hensou. The principal
variations of these Amidist paintings are often called the "Three Pure Land Mandalas"
*joudo sanmandara ςyOΦδΆ
:
*Chikou mandara qυΦδΆ
, Taima
mandara, and *Seikai mandara ΄CΦδΆ
.
Another variety of closely related paintngs are the *Kangyou
hensou ΟoΟ. |
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(C)2001 Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System.@No reproduction or republication without written permission. fΪΜeLXgEΚ^ECXgΘΗASΔΜRecΜ³f‘»E]ΪπΦΆά·B |
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