| The various
systems of placing rafters *taruki 垂木, in relation to the pillars *hashira 柱 and the width of the bay *ken 間 measured from pillar center to pillar center. No truly systematic arrangement
for positioning parallel rafters existed before the 14c. But a tendency
toward a more formal system began in the latter 12c, exemplified by the
rafter system on *Sanjuu-no-tou 三重塔 (ca 1171) at Ichijouji 一乗寺 in Hyougo
prefecture. Gradually, orderly arrangements were devised. The following
are the most common: 1) Rokushigake tarukiwari 六枝掛垂木割. The
even distribution of six rafters on three bearing blocks *mitsudo tokyou 三斗斗きょう, i.e., two rafters positioned above each of three bearing blocks supported
by a bracket arm, *hijiki 肘木. The space between the rafters equals the height of the rafters; thus,
the distances from rafter center to rafter center are the same. These are
units of measurement called *isshi 一枝. Also called honshigewari 本繁割, rokushigake mitsuto 六枝掛三斗 or rokushigake 六枝掛. This arrangement
became widespread by the 14c. but was not documented until the Edo period. 2) *Shigedaruki 繁垂木 (shigedarukiwari 繁垂木割). Closely spaced parallel rafters.
If the width of the edges of a rafter is equal to the space between the
rafters, it is called komagaeshiwari 小間返割. If the height of a rafter
is equal to the space between the rafters, it is called segaeshiwari 背返割. Sometimes the former are equated with shigedaruki while the
latter are referred to as hon shigedarukiwari 本繁垂木割. Shigedaruki are also known as shigemono 繁物, lit. densely placed things. 3) *Hanshige daruki 半繁垂木 (hanshige darukiwari 半繁垂木割 or hanshigewari 半繁割). Fairly
widely spaced rafters. The space between them is about equal to the sum
of the underside of the rafter plus the height; often twice as far apart
as shigedaruki. 4) *Mabaradaruki 疎垂木 (mabaradarukiwari 疎垂木割). Lit. a sparse number of rafters. Rafters
placed with very wide spaces between them. There are fewer than half the
number of rafters compared to the number needed for closely spaced shigedaruki.
Also called oomabara darukiwari 大疎垂木割. 5) Chuumabara tarukiwari 中疎垂木割. A rafter, taruki , placed so that it goes over the center
of each pillar, hashira . The space between the pillars is divided
into six parts allowing the positioning of five rafters. 6) Komabara
tarukiwari 小疎垂木割. A rafter that passes over the center of a small bearing
block *makito 巻斗. 7) *Fukiyose
daruki 吹寄垂木 (fukiyose darukiwari 吹寄垂木割). Two or three rafters
closely placed together followed by a wide space and then two or three more.
The pattern is repeated. Such variations are common in tea ceremony architecture.
See *fukiyose 吹寄. |
