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jinaimachi@Ž›“ΰ’¬
KEY WORD :@architecture / folk dwellings
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Also jinaichou. A type of religious township that developed in the Sengoku period in connection mainly with temples of the Joudo ς“y sect, though *Nichiren “ϊ˜@ sect examples also existed. From the late 15c there were jinaimachi principally in the Kinki ‹ί‹E, Hokuriku –k—€, and Toukai “ŒŠC regions. The earliest was Yoshizaki Honganji ‹gθ–{ŠθŽ› in Echizen (founded 1471) and the last, Yao ”ͺ”φ in Kawachi (founded 1606). Jinaimachi can be divided into three major categories: 1 those that constituted the headquarters or major religious centres of the sect, such as Yamashina ŽR‰Θ in Yamashiro ŽRι and Ishiyama ΞŽR in Settsu Ϋ’Γ (on the site of which Toyotomi Hideyoshi –LbG‹g (1536-98) founded Osaka) ; 2 those founded by members of the local landowning warrior class, such as Imai ‘ˆδ in Yamato ‘ε˜a ; 3 those founded by local town or village headmen, such as Tondabayashi •x“c—Ρ in Kawachi ‰Ν“ΰ. In all cases the jinaimachi was connected with a temple of the ruling sect, but the temple, the main hall of which generally faced east, was most prominent in the case of the first category, where it was surrounded by the mansions of the abbot, houshu –@Žε, and leading prelates. Associated with the temple was a township, divided into districts *machi ’¬, with town houses *machiya ’¬‰Ζ, lining streets which, in the more developed examples, were laid out on an orthogonal grid system, much as in the castle towns *joukamachi ι‰Ί’¬, but on a smaller scale. Here the citizens, who were members of the sect, lived and worked. Jinaimachi of categories two & three were smaller and the temple was often less dominant. In all cases, the entire settlement was rendered defensible, with advantage taken of natural features such as rivers, marshes, and hilltops, and supplemented by ramparts, moats and gates. The enthusiasm of local landowners and headmen for Joudoshin ς“y^ sect was closely connected with a desire to achieve independence from oppressive local and regional authorities, whose control the collective security of sect membership enabled them to defy. Some jinaimachi were new foundations, others were existing settlements replanned and laid out anew, while others again were existing settlements that simply had a sect temple founded within them and defences erected, but were otherwise little changed.
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