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haku@”“ | ||||||
KEY WORD :@art history / paintings | ||||||
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Lit.
foil or leaf. Gold, silver, copper, tin or brass pounded into a thin flat
sheet and used for the decoration of art works and craft objects. Gold kinpaku
‹à”“ and silver ginpaku ‹â”“ were most frequently used. A thin block
of metal is wrapped in leather or *washi
˜aŽ† (Japanese paper) and pounded with a wooden or bamboo mallet until it
is about 1/10,000 of 1mm in thickness (the Heian/Kamakura examples are thicker).
The sheets are then cut into approximately 10cm-squares. Most metal foils
are made in Kyoto and Kanazawa ‹à‘ò. The technique of affixing gold foil to the
surface of an object with lacquer or glue *nikawa
äP is called kinpakuoshi ‹à”“‰Ÿ. The earliest known example of haku
in Japan is found on the wall painting of Takamatsuzuka ‚¼’Ë tomb (late 7c-early
8c). During the Nara and Heian periods, gold and silver foil were
frequently used as decoration on Buddhist paintings and sculptures, as well
as on writing paper. In a technique called *shippaku
Ž½”“ (gold/silver foil) was pressed on top of lacquer applied to wood or to
dry lacquer *kanshitsu
Š£Ž½ sculpture. Foil cut into small pieces was used to make exquisite designs
on the garments of Buddhist deities *kirikane
Ø‹à and also sprinkled over the surface of writing papers for decoration
*kirihaku Ø”“. Sometimes
foil was applied to the back of a painting to produce a soft, lustrous
sheen on the metal ornaments held by Buddhist deities *urahaku
— ”“. From the Muromachi period, gold foil, which was favoured by the shoguns,
was amply used for extravagant architectural decoration, such as Ashikaga
Yoshimitsu's ‘«—˜‹`–ž (1358-1408) Rokuonji Kinkaku Ž‰‘Ž›‹àŠt (1397)
and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's –LbG‹g (1536-98) Kin no chashitsu
‹à‚Ì’ƒŽº. Gold foil also was used extensively for interior decoration, and the
gold background *kinji
‹à’n of paintings on screens and sliding doors *kinpeki
shouhekiga ‹à•Éá•Ç‰æ. Gold/silver foil is also frequently used to decorate
craft objects. It is affixed to lacquerware haku-e ”“ŠG and pressed
onto textiles. Generally gold and silver foil is applied inkin ˆó‹à
with glue or lacquer, however, during the Momoyama period, a variation
of this technique using rice paste as a bonding agent became popular (*surihaku
”“; with embroidery, it is called nuihaku J”“). |
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(C)2001 Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System.@No reproduction or republication without written permission. Œfڂ̃eƒLƒXƒgEŽÊ^EƒCƒ‰ƒXƒg‚È‚ÇA‘S‚ẴRƒ“ƒeƒ“ƒc‚Ì–³’f•¡»E“]Ú‚ð‹Ö‚¶‚Ü‚·B |
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